![]() ![]() Meanwhile, another subthalamic region immediately superior to STN is the zona incerta (ZI), which is also a mainly inhibitory structure mutually connected with Pf among multiple other thalamic, cortical, and basal ganglial regions. However, there are still unclear the modulatory roles of Pf projections to other areas. For example, recent research on VGLUT2+ projections to the inhibitory subthalamic nucleus (STN) in basal ganglia has determined this circuit's significance in initiating actions in a Parkinsonian context. Given that there are multiple types of excitatory cells within thalamus, it may merit a more in-depth analysis whether and how individual cell types in Pf projections to other regions influence motor output. While Pf is known to receive projections from cortical cell types differing from those linked to sensory thalamus, and its constituent population is known to be divergent, its specific excitatory outputs with their genetic markers are only beginning to be understood. Pf's intermediate position bridging major connections between frontal cortical regions and basal ganglia have led to a proposed role in movement disorders. However, despite Pf's diverse affiliations, dissection of efferents to other areas and their functions has so far been rudimentary. This implicates it in a variety of higher order roles such as attention, various types of learning, and sensorimotor coordination. The parafascicular nucleus (Pf) in the intralaminar thalamus is known to connect to a large array of cortical, thalamic, limbic, and basal ganglial regions. These results hint at the PF-ZI pathway having a distinct role in directing action specificity and have implications for subcortical bases in dimensional control of behaviours. Our results from fibre photometry and decoding with general linear model (GLM) indicate that PF-ZI pathways do not specifically correlate with amount of locomotion or movement velocity, but instead show more specified activity during relative directional changes of movements observed in turning, sniffing behaviours. We found that a distinct group of CaMKIIα-positive excitatory parafascicular neurons, separated from VGLUT2-positive excitatory neurons, project widely into ZI, more than adjacent STN. We thus examined circuits from parafascicular (Pf) thalamus to ZI, and its activity during locomotion and spontaneous behaviours in mice. Such connections include those to zona incerta (ZI), located immediately dorsal to subthalamic nuclei (STN) regulating motor output, and whose role in a motor context is only beginning to be investigated. Though much research has determined its importance in cognitive regulation of behaviour, its projections to regions in subthalamus remain less known. The parafascicular nucleus (Pf) in medial thalamus is interconnected with prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. ![]()
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